You can check out our screenshots of the tests below, which enables you to get an idea of how their interface works. Both of these figures were within the realm of expectations, even though the average ping time of 38.6 ms was a bit slower than some competitors’ tests. That information has to travel from our browser to the appropriate server in. For best speed test results, here are some helpful tips: You wont. We also use it every time we click on a link or type a search term into Google. The average download speed was 149 Mbps, and the mean of the measured upload speeds was 6.5 Mbps. The speed test checks your upload and download speeds and displays the results. These test results are often lower than your plan speed due to various factors outside your Internet providers control, including WiFi conditions and device capabilities. xFinity showed a download speed of 19.4 Mb/s. Test the current speed of your Rogers Internet connection. Select Get support to get the help you need. Test your internet connection speed in seconds to locations all around the world with this broadband speed. Your location tells us that you’d need to visit the Rogers together with Shaw website for support with your services. We found that the results from the desktop version of this speed test (Tests 1-3) were very accurate, whereas the mobile version (Tests 4 and 5) was a bit less reliable.Īs for the results, the Google Fiber speed test took an average of 3.88 seconds to load, and 15.0 seconds to run the test itself ― making this one of the most efficient speed tests available online. Googleinternetspeedtest is the best internet speed checker tool that tells the accurate speed of your internet and WIFI. Internet speed tests, like this one or the test found at, measure the latter, or the speed reaching the device running the test. As the internet speed test by Google and Ookla showed a huge difference in results, we headed on to xFinity, although it was not in the script. Get Rogers Ignite support for your location. See Google Fiber plan options for faster. Nutzen Sie Speedtest mit unseren kostenlosen Desktop- und Handy-Apps auf allen Ihren Gerten. To study the results of the Google Fiber speed test, we used a connection that is advertised to deliver download speeds around 150 Mbps, and we also tested this connection with other speed tests, to see how the results lined up. Test your current internet speed, and find out how fast your broadband wi-fi handles uploads and downloads. Erfahre, wie du von professionellen Netzwerkleistungsdaten profitieren kannst.
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Among them, work of Robert Boyle, Antoine Lavoisier, Dmitri Mendeleev are particularly notable. As research continued, many eminent scientists paved way for the current understanding and description of elements. Aristotle conceptualized a new fifth element called 'quintessence' - which apparently formed the heavens. Indian, Japanese and Greek traditions refer to five elements namely, air, water, earth, fire and aether. History of Elements and CompoundsĮlements were initially used as a reference to any state of matter like liquid, gas, air, solid etc. Elements and compounds are both substances they differ from mixtures where different substances mix together but not via atomic bonds.Ī visualization for the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures, both homogenous and heterogenous. Elements have only 1 type of atoms compounds have more than 1. This picture shows the differences between elements and compounds at an atomic level. Compounds are depicted by their chemical formula which follows the Hill system wherein carbon atoms are listed first, followed by hydrogen atoms after which elements are listed in alphabetical order. Sometimes foreign elements are trapped inside crystal structure of compounds giving them a non homogeneous structure. Most compounds can exist as solids (low enough temperatures) and can be decomposed by the application of heat. Valency is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms required that can combine with an atom of the element forming the compound. The combining of elements is facilitated by their valency. The elements in a compound do not always retain their original properties and cannot be separated by physical means. For example, 1 atom of sodium (Na) combines with 1 atom of chlorine (Cl) to form one molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl) compound. carbon binds in a tetrahedron to form diamond and layers of hexagons of carbon forms graphite.Ĭompounds are composed of different elements in a fixed proportion. Allotropes – atoms of an element can form bonds with each other in more than one way leading to difference in their chemical properties.carbon has three isotopes, Carbon - 12, Carbon -13 and Carbon - 14. Thus isotopes have similar chemical properties (due to same number of protons) but different nuclear properties (due to different number of neutrons). Naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope. Isotopes – isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their nucleus but differ in the number of neutrons.Isotopes of the same elements differ in their atomic masses. Atomic Mass – the letter A indicates the atomic mass of the element which is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element.Number of protons is also indicative of electric charge or number of electrons present in the nucleus which determines chemical properties of the element. carbon has 6 protons in its nucleus and for Carbon, Z = 6. Atomic number – the atomic number is denoted by the letter Z and is the number of protons present in the nucleus of the atom of element. In the Periodic Table, elements are arranged according to their atomic number and they are grouped according to similar chemical properties and are depicted by their symbols. Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Carbon (C), Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) are examples of elements.Įlements are distinguished by their name, symbol, atomic number, melting point, boiling point, density and ionization energies. Water (H2O), Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) are examples of compounds. Can be classified as metal, non-metal or metalloid. There are about 117 elements that have been observed. Compounds are classified into molecular compounds, ionic compounds, intermetallic compounds and complexes. Each atom has the same atomic number i.e., the same number of protons in their nucleus.Ī compound can be separated into simpler substances by chemical methods/reactions.Įlements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.Ī compound is represented using its chemical formula that represents the symbols of its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of the compound.Ī huge, virtually limitless, number of chemical compounds can be created. Elements that compose the compound are chemically combined.Įlements contain only one type of atom. Comparison chart Compound versus Element comparison chartĪ compound contains atoms of different elements chemically combined together in a fixed ratio.Īn element is a pure chemical substance made of same type of atom.Ĭompounds contain different elements in a fixed ratio arranged in a defined manner through chemical bonds. Moreover, since high school I have been volunteering at the local animal shelter, where I organized 2 fundraising events that helped raise more than $4.5K for shelter supplies. For two years, I led a team of 10 other students, which also helped my project management skills and my ability to meet deadlines. In addition to research work, I was Editor-in-Chief at my University’s newspaper, where I developed my communication and leadership skills significantly. This experience helped me to reinforce the idea that I wanted to get a Master’s degree in the future. During my sophomore year, I served as a research assistant for a project that analyzed how marketing strategies differ across different cultures. I am currently a Junior at the University of Illinois, pursuing a bachelor’s degree in Marketing with a minor in Communications. Working with your company would be a wonderful opportunity, and I strongly believe that my academic background and skills would make me an ideal candidate for the role. I am submitting my resume for consideration for the summer internship program at Metrico. Here’s how she made her cover letter short and sweet while still including the most relevant information that the recruiter is looking for: Short Cover Letter Sample (No Experience)įirst, meet Tracy-a marketing student with a strong desire to get some hands-on experience as an intern. Each of them is for a different level of experience.Īfter that, we'll show you how to write your own short cover letter. Let's start with some real-life basic cover letter samples written by career experts. Five Short Cover Letter Samples to Get You Started Now, before we move on to talking about the cover letter writing tips, let’s take a look at some short cover letter samples to get a better feel of what recruiters are looking for. Go straight to the point by showing your motivation and what you can bring to the company with your simple cover letter. Keep in mind that the goal of a short cover letter is to land a job interview, not just to introduce yourself, show off your skills or tell your life story. When it comes to cover letters, they all must respect certain rules to be well-written and meet the expectations of recruiters. Not the 3-page-long ones that have different characters, plot lines, and themes. The ones that make it are the ones that are scannable, easy to read, and… short. She gets 250 applications a day and is looking for any reason to reduce the pile of papers… or the endless list of emailed resumes. She’s a hiring manager working for a corporation that’s currently hiring. A Short Cover Letter: Why Should You Write One? Haven't found your job? See our list of perfect cover letter examples for any jobs. Customer Service Representative Cover Letter.Looking for a cover letter guide for a specific job? Check these out: Now, I can introduce any changes within minutes. My previous cover letter was really weak and I used to spend hours adjusting it in Word. What users say about ResumeLab: I had an interview yesterday and the first thing they said on the phone was: “Wow! I love your cover letter.” Choose from 18+ cover letter templates and download your cover letter now.Ĭreate your cover letter now CREATE YOUR COVER LETTER NOW Save hours of work and get a cover letter like this. What to put in a beginner cover letter.Why simple cover letters are the best cover letters.Five short cover letter samples for different career stages.How to write a short cover letter that will get you the job.However, crafting a perfect short cover letter can be overwhelming.įortunately, we're about to show you 5 short cover letter samples that will take this weight off your shoulders. When applying for a job, a cover letter is just as important as your resume. From press interview answers to choosing the right teammate, you’re responsible for your results to the point where you can clearly trace any failure back to a poor decision that you made. Release date: 2020| Developer: Codemasters | SteamĬodemasters’ F1 series has offered comparable depth in its career mode for a few years now, but creating and managing your own team really does make a difference to the emotional attachment you’ll feel. A strong eSports scene is now solidified around Project CARS 2, and such is the depth of simulation that for young aspiring drivers, this might well be a fitting substitute for time on track. Several racing drivers across numerous disciplines acted as consultants during development, and it really does show. Loose surface racing feels just as convincing as hitting the track in a road-legal car, and the fidelity it conveys to your hands as you try to bully a car into the apex with its force feedback support is best-in-class stuff. More miraculous than the sheer breadth of content in Slightly Mad’s sim sequel is the fact they pull it all off. LMP1s hurtling through Imola, Indycars defying gravity at Daytona Speedway - and when you really get bored, Honda Civics trying to make it up Eau Rouge without stalling. Rallycross within Hockenheim’s infield section, mud splattering across everything and everyone. This is the racing sim that attempts to do it all: ice racing on studded tires around Swedish snowdrifts. If you want to take your driving simulation experience to the next level, check out our handy list of the best steering wheels for PC.Īnd for more articles about the very finest experiences in PC gaming, check out our lists of the best strategy games on PC, best free PC games, the best FPS games on PC, and the best puzzle games on PC. But you'll find these games have one thing in common: they will offer a great driving experience, and they'll feel great when you're behind the wheel. We play fast and loose with the definition of 'racing game' here. You'll find hardcore sims like the challenging Project CARS 2, but also offbeat choices like the criminally underrated Driver: San Francisco-a satisfying driving game with a weird body-hopping system. This post is dated 2012 but things do change and I need some help. “split astereo track”, etc) within each track with no luck. UPDATE: I messed around with configurations for hours tonight, and I WAS able to record two signals at once, however one would be left channel, one right. I guess, if you can…run me thru the possibility of recording vocals and guitar at once… The other possibility is running voc’s on left channel and guitars on right and then splitting them into mono, which i dunno how to do… I know that to get sound out of both speakers (when only using 1 input) I set it to Mono…So here is the guts of the question: #1: is it possible to bring in two signals at once into audacity, and if so #2: In order to do this, do I click “Stereo” up above where it says “Input Channels”, and then have each input set on “mono”. I want to set up my guitar, and a microphone, so I can sing and play at one time. The Moble Pre is set up thusly: (and you probably already know this, but bare with tme) it has two inputs and two outputs - either 1/4 inch or XLR. I use an M-Audio Moble-Pre as my interface 'tween tthe instruments and Audacity, which I am fallingin love with by the way. I ran thru the FAQ’s and DID find SOME info there on this subject, but not quite specifically th issue i have…wan wondering if you could clarify… If you have any questions, feel free to post a comment.I orginally sent this message to user/Audacity guru steve, who asked that i post this HERE…so here you do steve: Hopefully, this gives you a good overview of the different audio inputs in Windows and how you can use them to record the audio you need. Using this input, you can record music playing on your computer, audio from a video playing on your computer, or any other sound from your PC. If you’re using a program like Audacity, just change the sound input to Stereo Mix. If you use the default Sound Recorder or Voice Recorder (Windows 10) apps, they will automatically record from Stereo Mix as long as you disable the microphone first. Stereo Mix will let you open a sound recording program on your computer, choose Stereo Mix as the input and it’ll record whatever sound comes out of your computer. For example, if you are watching a YouTube video on your computer, how would you record the audio? You could try to place a microphone next to your speakers, but that’s not an ideal way to record that audio. So what does it do? Basically, it lets you record any sound that is playing on your computer. If you don’t have this option, it means your sound card doesn’t support the feature. Lastly, back on the Recording tab, you may notice an option called Stereo Mix. Here you can setup voice control for Windows, train the computer to understand your voice better and setup your microphone properly for speech recognition. If you go back to the Recording tab, select Microphone and click on Configure, the Speech Recognition dialog will appear. There are many other options, including DVD quality, which you can use if you have a high-quality microphone. By default, it’s set to 1 channel, 16 bit and 44100 Hz, which is CD quality. On the Advanced tab, you can change the default format for the audio. On the Levels tab, you can adjust the sensitivity of the microphone depending on your needs. Click the Apply button and any sound picked up by your mic should play through your speakers in real time. If you have multiple playback devices, you can choose from the dropdown list. By default, it’s set to your default playback device, which will normally be your headphones or speakers. Obviously, this will work much better if you are using headphones, so that the sound from the speakers doesn’t feed back into the microphone.Ĭheck the Listen to this device box and select the device you want to play the audio back through. So as you talk into the microphone, the sound will be played in real time to your speakers. This is a cool feature whereby you can play the sound that is being recorded by your microphone directly to your speakers. The more interesting feature is on the Listen tab. On the General tab, you get some basic information about the device and you can choose to disable it here if you like. If you select the microphone and click on Properties, you’ll be able to adjust quite a few settings. Your pricing strategy is your methodology, concept, or theory behind your product pricing. How, then, do you determine the optimal price point for your product or service? First, you need to determine the pricing strategy that best fits your revenue and organizational goals. More than that, a company’s pricing contains inherent indicators of value and how customers should perceive that product.Īt a basic level, higher-priced items are perceived as being of higher quality (a psychological phenomenon known as premium or prestige pricing) and vice versa. You need to find the right price, or prices, to maximize market penetration. Of course, by setting prices too high, you’ll alienate certain market segments and risk pricing yourself out of the market. Studies show that a pricing increase of just 1% can induce profit growth of more than 11%. The main reason is that pricing optimization leads to increased profits. So, why is it so crucial to get pricing correct? That “process” (which we’ll discuss in more detail in subsequent sections) is informed by your pricing strategy - the theory and principles behind your product pricing. The operative term in this definition is “process.” Setting your price must not be an arbitrary decision based loosely on market norms and competitor price points (though these factors should be taken into account). Simply put, pricing is the process of determining what you’re going to charge for your company’s products or services. What Is Pricing, and Why Is It Important to Get Your Pricing Right? This guide will dive deep into the importance of pricing strategy, discussing nine of the most powerful strategies before outlining how to choose the optimal approach based on the type of company you operate. However, many SaaS revenue leaders fail to put this simple idea into effective practice. It seems obvious: optimizing your pricing strategy so you’re maximizing revenue from each customer leads to improved growth and higher profit. This mistake leaves a significant revenue opportunity on the table and is responsible for as much as 18% of startup failures. Unfortunately, many organizations take a “set and forget” approach to pricing and fail to develop a comprehensive, research-backed strategy to determine appropriate pricing points. Pricing is one of the most crucial and influential levers in driving revenue for your company. Unfortunately, it’s a myth that grinder pumps can’t clog. So if a grinder pump has more torque and chops up everything that comes its way, using one for every job seems like an easy decision to make.īut there are a number of reasons to stick to a sewage pump when the job calls for it, and not just because of the potentially higher energy costs of grinder pumps. However, just as with normal sewage pumps, they can last for years if well maintained. In general, they cost a bit more than regular sewage pumps and sometimes use more electricity. Grinder pumps are more powerful, starting at 1 hp. The slurry can then more easily pass through lines with smaller diameters than solid waste could, so the discharge line and pump connection is usually 2” or less, and some use 1.25”. In addition to having an impeller, grinder pumps use cutter blades to pulverize, or grind, solids. Residential sewage grinder pumps handle a lower volume of waste-between 35 and 70 gallons per minute-but over much longer distances, into the several thousands of feet. Grinder pumps are a type of sewage pump, which can explain why people sometimes use both terms interchangeably. But what about that other 10% of the time? What’s a grinder pump? Nine times out of 10, a regular sewage pump that doesn’t grind is what you’ll need for a residential plumbing job. And because what goes in the septic pump must fit through the pipes “as is,” sewage pumps have larger diameters for discharge line and pump connection: between 1.5” to 3”. A sewage ejector pump with 1/2 hp is all that’s typically needed for a residential home. Sump and sewage pumps usually have lower horsepower (hp) than grinder pumps. A typical sewage pump will use a vortex-style impeller to prevent clogging and efficiently move the liquid. Each type of impeller and its dimensions correspond with different head pressures. There are three general types of impellers: vortex, semi-open and enclosed channel. Also called sewage ejector pumps, some can move up to 200 gallons a minute of waste horizontally as far as 750 feet.Ī sewage pump uses an impeller to provide the head pressure that moves the waste vertically. Unlike effluent or sump pumps, which should be used only to remove clear or gray water, sewage pumps are designed to move “dirty” or sewage waste to a septic tank, gravity flow sewer main or leach field. Whether you’re replacing or installing new, discover how to choose the best residential sewage or grinder pump for the job. While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, understanding the difference between sewage and grinder pumps is important to get the job done right the first time. If you're working on a replacement sewage pump, it can seem as simple as looking at the model number and ordering a new pump, but what if installing the wrong one the first time led to the problems? And if you’re plumbing new construction, making the right choice means the homeowner will be satisfied with your work for years to come. A fun script to modify is my water-filled donut script ( donut.py). I recommend making a shortcut on your desktop to the scripts folder ( %appdata%\.minecraft\mcpipy). The easiest way to get started programming Minecraft in python is to start with one of the simpler sample scripts. (To do that, click once on the mcpipy folder in the zip file, and press ctrl-c, then navigate to the %appdata%\.minecraft folder as in step 1, and press ctrl-v). Copy the mcpipy folder into your Minecraft folder. Open the downloaded zip file (in Chrome, by clicking on it at the bottom of the window). (The scripts are supposed to work on both Python 2.7 and 3.x.)Ĥ. Download the latest zip file containing sample Python scripts and the mcpi library from my Raspberry Jam Mod github release. Put the contents of the zip file (currently consisting of a number of folders with names like 1.8 and 1.10.2) inside the mods folder you had just made.ģ. Download the mods.zip file from the latest version of the Raspberry Jam Mod. On Windows 8, click on New folder, and then type in the name mods and press enter.)Ģ. If you already have a mods subfolder, you don't need to do anything. You will see everything in your Minecraft folder. (To do that, press Windows-R, type % appdata%\.minecraft, press enter. Create a mods folder in your Minecraft folder. If you want to do this with Minecraft Pocket Edition on Android instead, I have an Instructable for that, too. This summer I plan to teach coding and basic 3D geometry to gifted middle- and high-schoolers using Minecraft, Raspberry Jam Mod, Python and Visual Studio. The last is actually the nicest in some ways, so I'll have some optional steps on how to do that. You can create Python scripts for Minecraft with a text editor, the IDLE environment which comes with Python, or with Visual Studio Python Tools on Windows. I assume that you have basic facility with creating folders and downloading, unzipping, and copying files on Windows (or your operating system of choice). (I later found out that someone wrote the mcpiapi mod for Minecraft 1.7.10 a couple of weeks earlier.) I wrote this Instructable initially for Python 2.7, but I think most of my samples will work for 3.x. So I wrote the Raspberry Jam Mod for Minecraft 1.8 (now ported to 1.8.8, 1.8.9 and 1.9 as well) that emulates most of the Raspberry Pi Minecraft protocol (about the same as the Raspberry Juice plugin provides) and lets Raspberry Pi python scripts run with full desktop Minecraft. But not everyone wants to install and configure a server. You could run your own server with the Raspberry Juice plugin which enables most of the python scripts to work. I wanted my kids to be able to do that, but we don't have a Pi, plus it would be nice to do this with the full desktop Minecraft. I will also show how to do simple (and sometimes more elaborate) turtle-based drawings in Minecraft, while you can ride along with the drawing as the turtle.įor a while now you could write python scripts for Minecraft on the Raspberry Pi. There is a whole book introducing programming using python scripts for Minecraft, and you can even make simple Minecraft-based games. I myself made fun scripts to draw a water-filled glass donut and a gigantic Klein bottle, to turn everything around into TNT and to control Minecraft with your brain using a MindFlex EEG toy. With a few lines you can draw a giant glass sphere, and with a bit more work make a giant Sierpinski triangle in the sky and even import obj files like a space shuttle. Python scripts can generate neat in-world things, and there are many examples on the web. (If you want something simpler than python, here is a Scratch version of this project.) I'll focus on Windows, though OS X and Linux should work just as well. Type that number in for your Device IP above.This Instructable shows how to install and use a mod I wrote that lets you control Minecraft with python scripts. Look for the line labeled as IPv4 Address, and copy the IP address there. When the command prompt opens up, type ipconfig. In order to get your computer's IP, hold down the windows key and press R. You'll want to find the Port Range Forwarding section of your router, and enter in the following information. My router is a Linksys, you'll want to google around to find the steps with your specific router. Enter the password to your router to continue. This will most likely take you to your router's website where you can manage your router's settings. Take the number it gives you, copy it, and paste it into the address bar. To do this, google Whats my IP? on Google. In order to allow people not on the same IP to connect,you'll need to port forward your server. The server now works locally! Anyone on the same IP as yours can now join the server. (Since this section deals with IP addresses, there will be no pictures for privacy stuff, cause IDK how IPs can be used to harm) Section 504 requires schools provide children with mental and physical. If a student needs specialized instruction, it may be time to talk to the school about an IEP. Section 504 requires schools to provide accommodations to children with disabilities. Keep in mind that a 504 plan is for services and supports in the general education classroom. You can fill in and adjust the blank sample 504 plan as needed. So the bottom line is really parents and schools are both very influential and important factors in the development of a child and that child's life and need to work together to support that child. While this sample 504 plan is for a child with ADHD, it can be adapted for other disabilities. Manifestation of Disabilities Determination Process for Students with Section 504. In situations where the depression is affecting the child's ability to make effective progress, the family and the school may work together to develop an individual education plan that will really provide modifications to the school's expectations for this child during this child's episode of depression. develop a Section 504 Support and Accommodations Plan for your child. These accommodations may include supports such as altering the amount of work, giving extended time, giving preferential seating - those types of accommodations. In a formal manner, families can request help from the school and this may result in either the development of what's known as a 504 plan that can offer accommodations for that child. If a child is having a depression, this school system can provide a number of supports. Students can qualify for 504 plans if they have physical or mental impairments that affect or limit any of their abilities to. — - Question: What is Section 504 plan, and how can it help my depressed child at school?Īnswer: School systems have a major role in helping children with depression.įirst, as schools are invested in all children, they want them to be successful. They include diplomatic ceremony and demonstrations of power the employment of force in self-defense in order The purposes for which the President may use the armed forces in carrying on the intercourse of the United States with foreign nations are infinite and unpredictable. Barreme (1804), it is also the President's prerogative to deploy troops and weapons at home and abroad in times of peace and war, and to use them when no valid law forbids him to do so. As the Supreme Court declared in Little v. (See war, foreign affairs, and the constitution.) The President's power as commander-in-chief under such circumstances goes far beyond the conduct of military operations. The use of force as an instrument of diplomacy, or of war and other extended hostilities, does not involve issues of dual sovereignty but has presented significant constitutional conflicts both between Congress and the President, and between individuals and the state. According to the doctrine of ex parte milligan (1867) and other cases, the writ cannot be suspended so long as the courts remain capable of carrying out their duties normally. The use of force by the President (or by a governor) in dealing with civil disorder does not alone justify suspending the writ of habeas corpus. Modern statutes usually retain the ancient requirement of a public proclamation before force is used to restore order, although Presidents sometimes ignore the tradition. Presidents have evaded this restriction by employing marines for the purpose. That act prohibits the use of the Army in suppressing domestic turbulence unless "expressly" authorized. Some Presidents have even paid lip service to the posse comitatus act (1878), a dubious relic of the end of Reconstruction. Although the pattern of usage is by no means uniform, Presidents generally conform to statutes that purport to reinforce and structure the President's use of the armed forces in domestic disorders, at least as a matter of courtesy, unless "sudden and unexpected civil disturbances, disasters, or calamities," in the language of Army regulations, leave no alternative. All Presidents, on the other hand, while recognizing the necessity for legislation in many situations, claim that statutes cannot subtract from their constitutional duty and power to preserve the Constitution and enforce the laws. Congress insists that its power to pass laws necessary and proper to implement the President's authority as commander-in-chief includes the right to restrict the President's capacity to act. The formula of the 1792 statute, like that used in later statutes, straddles an unresolved controversy between the President and Congress. President william howard taft used the national force to protect Asian aliens threatened by a local mob, relying on his duty as President to carry out the international responsibility of the United States for the safety of aliens. President george washington leading more than 12,000 national guardsmen to suppress the whiskey rebellion of 1793 is the classic symbol of an independent national power to enforce what the President, echoing Jean-Jacques Rousseau, called "the general will." This power has been invoked regularly, most notably during and after the civil war, but also in major strikes affecting the national economy (in re debs, 1895) and in the enforcement of judicial decisions ordering racial desegregation during the 1950s and 1960s. As early as 1792, Congress declared that "it shall be lawful for the President" to use national troops or call forth the militia whenever he deems such action necessary to protect the functioning of the government or the enforcement of its laws. Although state governments dealt with most episodes of domestic disorder-and still do-some of those episodes had a national dimension. With regard to domestic (and republican) tranquillity, it became apparent soon after 1789 that the deference of Article IV to states ' rights did not permit the national government fully to protect the peace of the United States. It provides that the national force be used to suppress domestic violence only on application of the state legislature or of the governor when the state legislature cannot be convened. Article IV, guaranteeing each state a republican form of government, somewhat qualifies that authority. Article II of the Constitution, adapting British practice, designates the President commander-in-chief both of the nation's armed forces and of the state militia when it is called into national service. In every state, the command of the armed forces is the ultimate component of executive power. |
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